What Is Tennis Elbow? Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Explained

 

Have you ever felt a sharp or burning pain on the outside of your elbow just from lifting a cup or typing too long? That discomfort could be a sign of what is tennis elbow—a condition that doesn’t just affect athletes. In fact, most people who suffer from it have never even stepped on a tennis court.

Tennis elbow is more than a temporary ache. It’s a repetitive strain injury that gradually worsens when left untreated. Whether you’re a busy office worker, a weekend DIYer, or someone who frequently uses your hands, understanding this condition is essential for long-term joint health.

Understanding Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis)

What Happens Inside Your Elbow

Tennis elbow, or lateral epicondylitis, occurs when the tendons that connect the forearm muscles to the outer part of the elbow become inflamed or start to break down due to overuse. The pain centers around the lateral epicondyle, the small bony bump on the outside of your elbow. The key muscle involved is the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB), which helps stabilize your wrist when your arm is straight.

Why It’s Not Just for Tennis Players

Despite the name, tennis elbow isn’t exclusive to tennis players. In reality, it can affect anyone who performs repetitive arm and wrist movements. Typing, lifting, painting, or even using a screwdriver for extended periods can strain the tendon and lead to the condition. The problem builds gradually, so you might not notice it until the pain starts interfering with daily tasks.

Common Causes and Risk Factors

Repetitive Motion and Muscle Fatigue

The most frequent cause of tennis elbow is repetitive motion—especially when you repeatedly extend your wrist or rotate your forearm. These actions create tiny tears in the tendon, which leads to inflammation and pain. The more you push through the discomfort, the worse it gets.

Poor Ergonomics and Technique

Improper technique while lifting, playing sports, or working at a desk can increase the strain on your elbow tendons. Using tools that are too heavy or gripping objects too tightly without proper wrist support can significantly increase your risk.

Age and Occupation

Tennis elbow commonly affects adults between the ages of 30 and 60. People who work in jobs that involve repeated arm motions—like plumbers, painters, carpenters, or computer professionals—are more susceptible. Age also plays a role, as tendons lose elasticity and strength over time.

Symptoms You Should Pay Attention To

Localized Pain

The primary symptom is pain or burning on the outside of the elbow, which may worsen when you grip objects, lift something, or even shake hands.

Weak Grip Strength

You might also notice a decline in grip strength. Everyday actions like opening jars or turning door handles may suddenly feel difficult or painful.

Radiating Discomfort

The pain may travel from the elbow down the forearm, and in some cases, even to the wrist. It’s often worse in the morning or after periods of activity.

Diagnosis and Testing

Physical Examination

Your healthcare provider will usually diagnose tennis elbow through a physical exam. You may be asked to move your wrist, arm, or fingers in specific ways to determine where the pain is coming from. Tenderness at the outer elbow is a classic sign.

Imaging When Needed

If your symptoms persist or are unclear, imaging tests like X-rays or MRIs may be recommended to rule out other conditions like arthritis or nerve compression. These are not always necessary but can help in chronic or severe cases.

Treatment Options That Work

Rest and Activity Modification

The first step is giving your elbow a break. Avoid activities that trigger pain and give your tendon time to heal. Ice packs, wrist braces, and elevation can help reduce inflammation.

Physical Therapy

Structured exercises designed to strengthen and stretch the forearm muscles are highly effective. Therapists may also use massage, ultrasound, or electrical stimulation to speed recovery.

Medication

Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen can provide relief in the short term. However, they don't fix the underlying problem, so they should be used alongside rehab and lifestyle changes.

Injections and Advanced Treatments

Corticosteroid injections may offer quick relief but aren't recommended for long-term use due to potential tendon weakening. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy is an emerging option that uses your own blood to promote healing.

Surgery as a Last Resort

If conservative treatments fail after 6 to 12 months, surgery might be needed to remove damaged tissue. Recovery can take several weeks, but most people regain full function.

How to Prevent Tennis Elbow

Ergonomic Improvements

Use tools and equipment that fit your hand comfortably. Pay attention to your posture and wrist alignment, especially if you work long hours at a desk.

Strength Training

Regularly strengthening your forearm and shoulder muscles can prevent recurrence. Focus on exercises that target grip, wrist extension, and overall arm mobility.

Listen to Your Body

If you notice recurring discomfort or fatigue in your arm or elbow, don’t ignore it. Early intervention can prevent a minor issue from becoming a chronic condition.

Frequently Asked Questions

What’s the difference between tennis elbow and golfer’s elbow?

Tennis elbow affects the outer elbow, while golfer’s elbow targets the inner side. Both are forms of tendonitis but involve different muscle groups.

How long does it take to recover from tennis elbow?

Recovery time varies. With early treatment and rest, you could feel better in a few weeks. Chronic cases may take several months to fully resolve.

Can I still exercise with tennis elbow?

Yes, but you need to modify your routine. Avoid exercises that strain the elbow and focus on controlled, pain-free movements.

Are injections safe for tennis elbow?

Steroid injections can relieve pain quickly but may not provide long-term benefits. PRP therapy shows promise but requires more research.

Is surgery always necessary?

No. Most cases improve with non-surgical treatment. Surgery is usually reserved for severe or long-lasting symptoms.

Conclusion

Now that you know what is tennis elbow, you can take steps to recognize it early, manage it effectively, and prevent it from recurring. Whether you're dealing with mild soreness or more persistent pain, don’t ignore your body’s signals. With the right mix of rest, therapy, and mindful movement, you can get back to doing what you love—without elbow pain holding you back.